ذانلود فایل بیوشیمی کلیه به همراه تست قابل استفاده دانشجویان علوم پزشکی در ۷۹صفحه

فصل اول ...............................................................
خصوصیات کلیه ................................ ................................ ................................ ........
مقدمه ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............
نفرون ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................
فصل دوم. .....................................
تنظیم pH مایعات بدن ................................ ................................ .................................................
مقدمه ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................................
بافر ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................................
بافرهای خون ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................
بافر بیکربنات ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................
ارزیابی گازهای خون شریانی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................
اسیدوز و الکالوز ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................................
اسیدوز تنفسی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............
الکالوز تنفسی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................................................
اسیدوز متابولیک ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................................
آلکالوز متابولیک ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................................
اختالل مرکب )مختلط( ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................
نمودار داونپورت ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................................
شرح حال بیمار -.............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 
شرح حال بیمار -................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................
شرح حال بیمار - .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................
شرح حال بیمار........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................
شرح حال بیمار -.................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................
فصل سوم ..............................................................................................
توزیع آب در بدن ................................ ................................ ...............................................
مقدمه ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............
مایع داخل سلولی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................
مایع خارج سلولی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................................
توازون آب بدن ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................................
دفع آب ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................
دفع آب توسط کلیه...................................................................................................................................................................................................
دفع آب توسط مدفوع ......................................................................................................................................
دفع آب توسط عرق..................................................................................................................................................................................................
دفع آب توسط پوست.............................................................................................................................................................................................
دفع آب توسط تنفس ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
دریافت آب ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................
اسموالریته و اسمواللیته ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................
فشار اسمزی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................
تنظیم آب بدن ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................................
پیامدهای افزایش اسمواللیته ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ECF
پیامدهای تغییر حجم خون ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................
کاهش آب بدن ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................................
افزایش آب بدن ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................................
فصل چهارم ................................................................................................
الکترولیتهاي بدن ................................ ................................ ..............................................
مقدمه ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................
سدیم ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......
اندازهگیری کاتیون سدیم و کاتیون پتاسیم سرم ................................ ................................ .

 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......
هایپرناترمی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................
پتاسیم ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................
هایپوکالمی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................
هایپرکالمی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................
کلر ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................
شرح حال بیمار -....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........
شرح حال بیمار –..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................
فلزات واسطه بدن ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................
آهن........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
روی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................
مس.......................................................................................................................
فصل پنجم ............................................................
ارزیابی عملکرد کلیه توسط مارکرهاي بیوشیمیایی ..............................
آزمایشهای بیوشیمیایی ارزیابی عملکرد کلیه ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................
کراتینین سرم ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................
اندازهگیری کراتینین ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................................
اوره سرم ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................
اورمی ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................
اندازهگیری اوره ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................
اندازهگیری کلیرانس................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................................
آنالیز بیوشیمیایی ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................
آزمایشات ماکروسکوپی ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................
ظاهر ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............
رنگ ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................
حجم ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....
وزن مخصوص ادرار ................................ ................

ادرار pH

گلوکز در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................
پروتئین در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................................
اجسام کتونی در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................
بیلیروبین در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................
اوروبیلینوژن در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................
خون در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................................................
نیتریت در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .
لکوسیت استراز در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................
اسید آسکوربیک در ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 
آزمایشات میکروسکوپی ادرار ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................
اریتروسیت ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
لكوسیت ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
سلولهای پوششي .........................................................................................................................................................................................
سیلندر ...................................................................................................................................................................................
کریستالهای ادراری....................................................................................................................................................
منابع ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................................85
سواالت چهارگزینهاي ................................ ................................ ...............................................85
پاسخنامه ................................ ................................ ........................